Objective (s): Thermal comfort consists of three parameters: temperature, humidity and airflow. It is one of the important factors on maintaining health and optimizing the performance of students in the classrooms. According to the climatic conditions of Qom province and the importance of thermal comfort in schools, this study aimed to assess classroom thermal conditions in primary schools.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in primary schools in Qom province in 2013. Relative humidity was measured using a CASELLA hygrometer and temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer at five points in each classroom at one meter height from ground level. The measurements were performed between 9 AM to 15 PM in the spring. Thermal discomfort was measured using the thermal discomfort index (DI). All statistical analysis performed using SPSS software version 16.Results: Overall 115 classrooms were assessed. In this study, mean temperature was equals to 27.42±2.84°C. The mean of relative humidity was 30.4±7.43% and mean of the DI was 22.46±1.72oC. In 17.4% of classrooms the DI was less than 21oC, in 60% of classrooms was 21-24oC and in 22.6% of classrooms was 24-27oC. As a result only in 17.4% of classrooms thermal comfort conditions was favorable for students.Conclusion: In order to increase thermal comfort level in primary schools and educational environments, especially in tropical areas such as Qom province, appropriate actions are recommended.

In this study, new teaching methods in primary schools have been investigated. Although the use of old and traditional teaching methods such as question and answer method, lecture, demonstration, etc. still has its own uses, but with the advancement of science and technology, there is a need to use new teaching methods are felt more and relying only on traditional teaching methods will not have the necessary effectiveness and efficiency in the teaching and learning process. In modern methods and education, students' activity in class and their all-round growth is more important. Traditional teaching methods were the result of a one-dimensional view of education, and the teacher was considered as the only provider of information and its transfer to the student. In these methods, the emphasis was on obtaining a better situation in the output of students. Concerning the continuous changes and progress of knowledge every day, and on the other hand, the increasing importance of individual capabilities along with scientific information, teaching methods in the elementary school must be changed. In the following, we have explained some of the best methods of teaching elementary school, which you can learn using various workshops and training courses. On the other hand, it should be noted that despite the advantages of these methods, a single model cannot be used in education for all courses.

Schools in Iran are categorized into two types, girls' and boys', based on gender segregation. However, in rural and underprivileged areas where student numbers are insufficient, Coeducational schools are established. This study aimed to explore the experiences of teachers and students within the context of rural Coeducational schools during the primary education period, utilizing a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method. The research encompassed all teachers and students from the Primary School of Qazvin province who were involved in the combined rural schools of the area. A targeted sampling method was employed to select 12 teachers and 10 students, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews with both groups, which were then analyzed using a comprehensive seven-step strategy. The findings indicated that rural Coeducational schools at the primary level offer educational, communication, and parenting opportunities, while also confronting cultural concerns, management challenges, and peer dynamics. Participants noted that although the challenges faced by Coeducational schools create more difficulties for girls than for boys, these institutions effectively prepare both genders for adulthood by providing a quasi-real environment.

A survey was carried out in 1998-99 among 20 selected primary schools in the north, south, east and west regions of Tehran to determine the level of teachers’ knowledge of asthma. 387 (96.7%) of 400 questionnaires were completed and evaluated. Five items were investigated: “general knowledge”, “symptoms and triggers”, exercise”, treatment” and “individual experience”. Statistical analysis was performed by using counting statistics. For the correlation of items, Spearman correlation coefficients and willcoxon’s test were used. The teachers in primary schools showed a good basic knowledge of asthma and trigger factors of asthma; 40.6% teachers knew that asthma could not be transmitted by virus. There was no statistically significant effect of teaching experience in terms of years, level of education and contact with asthmatic child on the knowledge score. 24% of teachers felt they had the average information about asthma. We suggest that teachers at primary school receive further instructions in this regard.

The effectiveness of an educational system depends on considering students&rsquo,academic performance across various stages. Bullying, a significant challenge in educational settings, can have detrimental effects, manifesting in various forms and hindering the creation of a safe and healthy learning environment. This article aims to examine the factors contributing to bullying among primary school students and propose strategies for its reduction and prevention. The study comprehensively reviews bullying in primary schools through a systematic review of domestic and international scientific databases. After collecting search results, article titles and abstracts were reviewed. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the review, while others were excluded. Ultimately, 55 articles (32 domestic and 23 international) were chosen for in-depth analysis. The analysis revealed that individual, familial, and environmental factors play significant roles in the occurrence of bullying. Additionally, the role of technology and social media in amplifying cyberbullying is notable. The findings indicate that reducing bullying in primary school children requires comprehensive collaboration among schools, parents, and the community. Proposed strategies include self-management, self-efficacy, emotional regulation, and other approaches for teachers to prevent or mitigate bullying. The goal of this research is to empower teachers to address bullying and foster a safe environment for students.

Creation of a healthy and hygenic atmosphere may not only promote the health of students but it can also serve as an appropriate pattern for school students. At present some 18millions pupils are studying in schools. was studied 101 schools selected among the qualified in 19 districts. These schools were already chosen on the basis of informative methods. Then a check list was made to determine the environmental health status of those schools. We gave marks to each of them and clarified the hygiene status of safety status. This paper is the results of the surveys for safety of schools. Also, the relationship between the general status and its type of schools, the presence of a sanitary supervisor, and the ownership status of schools. A general study showed that emphasis was put more upon some issues than some others. For example, 92% of the schools had the necessary telephone numbers, whereas only in 40% of the schools did one find suitable and useful entrance exit doors.    

Sense of place and the man's need to interact with the place where they live are among the most important dimensions of a human-place relationship. Sense of place is an important factor in the formation of a person’ s identity. Since an important part of any person’ s identity is shaped in childhood, this period and spaces related to children must be taken into consideration. Given that children spend a major portion of their time in schools, it is essential to pay special attention to the qualitative properties of schools and create a sense of place and vitality in children regarding the school and its environment. To this end, the present study aimed to identify the effective physical indices of the sense of place, specify the effect of each index on the sense of place, and finally prioritize indices by their effects on the students’ sense of place. The main research question was “ what are the factors based on which physical indices of sense of place in school building plans can be categorized? ” This study used a descriptive-analytical survey to achieve research objectives and provide answers to research questions. The effective research factors were compiled in the form of a theoretical frame after their extraction through bibliography and from original documents. The statistical population included elementary education students in east of Gilan Province Iran. A total of 366 students was considered as the sample size with a significance level of 95% and a probable error of 5%. A 54-item researcher-made questionnaire was then distributed among the participants selected using cluster sampling. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used as the test method, based on the results of which the effective physical components of sense of place in elementary school students included spatial layout, Integration, clarity (legibility), flexibility, transparency, scale and proportionality, and influenceability. Among these factors, transparency with an impact factor of 0. 494 and significance of 6. 297 had the greatest influence on the sense of place, followed by flexibility flexibility with an impact factor of 0/371 and significance of 5/588, clarity and legibility with an impact factor of 0/342 and significance of 5/381, integration with an impact factor of 0/301 and significance of 4/510, scale and proportionality with an impact factor of 0/297 and significance of 3/736, and influenceability with an impact factor of 0/232 and significance of 3/123 Moreover, the spatial layout with an impact factor of 0. 207 and significance of 2. 311 had the lowest priority. According to the findings, the physical characteristics of school environment can influence the sense of place in students and, By using architecture solutions can be increase physical indices of the research in school plans and with appropriate organization and layout of the school building plans and creation of high-quality environments can increase the efficiency of students and their vitality. For students to study at a school that is full of a place atachment to their place of study. And this way you can step in to provide the properties of a lovely school from the children's perspective

The main purpose of the present study is to analyze the morale level of school teachers in Abadeh. Out of all the school teachers in this town, 200 were selected using stratifies random sampling. The data collection tool was Purdue Teacher Opinionnaire (P.T.O) designed by Bentley & Remple (1970). The results of the data analysis indicate that the teachers’ morale is high regarding communication, job satisfaction, cooperation, syllabus affairs, educational facilities, quantity of educational work, and parents’ pressure and is low in other aspects. Besides, the female teachers’ level of morale is higher than their male counterparts regarding all the aspects except quantity of educational work and parents’ pressure. Also, there are significant relationships between school teachers’ level of moral in different aspects like communication, quantity of educational work, syllabus affair, social status, social endorsement for ministry of education, and educational facilities.

sampling and the illuminance was measured using network method. In each place 2 to 10 measurements (between 8:00 AM and 14:00) were done using Lux meter (TES; A1336). Data was analyzed by GEE in SPSS V. 20.Results: The lighting intensity was measured in 306 places including 194 classrooms, 49 offices and 63 corridors. Our evaluation showed that 34% of the classrooms, 40.8% of the offices, and 33% of the corridors had appropriate standard illuminance.Conclusion: This research showed that incorrect layout of windows, the materials and colors of the walls and the material of the floors and curtain styles had significant effect on the lighting of the places.

The purpose of recent research was to recognize neglected citizenship skills in Iran primary schools curriculum from Khomein teachers' and experts' views. The population of this descriptive- survey research included 368 Khomein primary school educational teachers and experts (364 teachers, 4 primary school educational experts). The members of the sampling included all the experts because there were a few experts. The criterion sampling method was used for the experts. 196 teachers were selected by using Morgan table and the cluster random sampling method. The measure instruments of the research- made questionnaire included 39 questions of the closed ended which contained the personal, social, cultural, economic, political dimensions of citizenship education. The questionnaire validity was estimated 0.77 based on Cronach alpha and the face and content validity was used ro determine the research instruments validity; Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard division) and in inference statistics (Leven's test, and t-test of the single sample). The research results showed none of the citizenship skills dimensions did not reflect in the primary school books desirably. Almost all skills have the same degree of attention. Bur the personal and political dimensions contained less emphasis and the cultural and social dimensions included nearly more attention in editing the educational books. Also the results showed the least attention of the primary schools books was the following citizenship skills; social skills "knowing the relative relationships and participant ability in the sociery (mean= 3.73)", personal skills "development ways of good excitements and emotions control (mean= 3.38)", cultural skills "using abiliry of information and communication technology in the basic level (mean= 3.44)", economical skills '''being familiar with the production process, distribution and consumption of some goods(mean= 3.46)", and political citizenship skills "respect to society servants (mean= 3.42)". In regard to the recent research findings, it is important to review the primary school curriculum context.